Relative clauses

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:

Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?

Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?

A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.

I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.

I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.

Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Preceding noun                Relative pronoun             Examples

a person              who(m)/that, whose     - Do you know the girl who ..

- He was a man that ..

- An orphan is a child whose parents ..

a thing  which†/that, whose       - Do you have a computer which ..

- The oak a tree that ..

- This is a book whose author ..

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.

The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.

Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.

The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.

My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.

In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:

1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):

Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?

Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?

I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.

I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.

Did you find the money (which) you lost?

Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following sentence: What's the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?

2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:

Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?

The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.

She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.

Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.

Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm

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TUGAS SOFTSKILL BULAN 4

Exercise 37 : Relative Clauses

1. The last record that was produced by this company became a gold record.

2. Checking accounts who require a minimum balance are very common now.

3. The professor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today.

4. John, whose grades are the highest in the school, has received the scholarship.

5. Felipe bought a camera that has three lenses.

6. Frank is the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.

7. The doctor is with a patient whose leg was broken in an accident.

8. Jane is the woman who is going to Chine next year.

9. Janet wants a typewriter who self-corrects.

10. This book that i found last week contains some useful information.

11. Mr. Bryant, whose team has lost the game, looks very sad.

12. James wrote an article that indicated thatt he disliked the president.

13. The director of teh program who graduated from Hardvard Univesrity is planning to retire next year.

14. This is the book that i have been looking for all the year.

15. Willian,, whose brother is a lawyer, wants to become a judge.

Exercise 38 : Relative Clause Reduction

1. George is the man chosen to represent the commite at the convention.

2. All of the money accepted has already been released.

3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia.

4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.

5. The girl drinking coffe is Mary Allen.

6. John's wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.

7. The man talking to the policemanis my uncle.

8. The book on the top shelf is the one that i need.

9. The number of students been counted is quite high.

10. Leo, Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.

Exercise 39 : Subjunctive

1. The teacher demanded the student to leave the room.

2. It was urgent that he called immediately.

3. It was very important that we delayed discussion.

4. She intends to move that the commite suspends discussion on this issue.

5. The king decreed the new laws to take effect the following months.

6. I propose that you should stop this rally.

7. I advise you take the prerequisites before registering for this course.

8. His father prefers him to attend a deifferent university.

9. The faculty stipulated the rule to be abolished.

10. She urged us to find another alternative.

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